FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC
Philosophy
145
Spring 2007
Professor Amy
Kind Office
Hours:
Bauer
217; x73782 or x18117 T, Th 10:00 - 11:00 a.m.
amy.kind@claremontmckenna.edu or by appointment
http://phil-rlst.claremontmckenna.edu/akind
This
course serves as an introduction to formal logic. There will be four different components to
our study: (1) learning a formal language for sentential (propositional) and
predicate logic; (2) learning how to “translate” English sentences into
sentences in the formal language, and vice versa; (3) learning how to construct
proofs of validity for arguments in the formal language; and (4) learning the semantics (or model theory) for the formal language.
But what does all that mean?
Formal logic aims to represent certain aspects of human reasoning. The formal
language brings to the surface the logical connections between different claims
and enables us to use mechanical techniques for evaluating arguments.
But what use is it?
For most of you, mastery of the formal system is not an end in itself
but rather serves as a means to help you to become better reasoners. The skills you acquire in studying logic –
such as figuring out how to reach a desired goal from a given set of resources,
developing the habit of paying close attention to what a statement says (and
what it doesn’t say!), and learning what makes an argument a good argument –
can prove invaluable as you make your way in the world, no matter what course
of study, or what career, you choose. Of
course, if you go on to study more philosophy, your study of logic will have
additional benefits, since many contemporary philosophers presuppose an
understanding of logic in their writing.
Finally, to mention one very practical consideration: studying logic
helps you to be more analytical. This is
useful preparation for standardized tests such as the LSAT and the GRE.
The
text for this course is Logic Primer,
by Colin Allen and Michael Hand. Copies
are available in Huntley Bookstore. Supplementary
course notes, homework problems and solutions will be posted on the course web
page at:
http://phil-rlst.claremontmckenna.edu/akind/Logic07s/145s07.htm
There
are two important web-based resources for this class. The first is the Quizmaster, a program which generates mini-quizzes on the course
material. The second is the Logic Daemon, a proof-checker designed
for use with our textbook. All of the
web resources for the class can be accessed from our course web page.
There
is virtually no reading required for this class. In its place, there is required homework—you
cannot learn logic without working through problems on your own I will be assigning you homework
problems in almost every class, due the following class. I do not intend to collect the homework, but
I reserve the right to alter this policy if I find that people are neglecting
the homework. If you miss class, you should
check the website (or with a classmate or with me) to get the homework assignments.
There
will be three in-class tests, each worth 20% of your course grade. All tests are open book and open
notes/handouts – though no computers are allowed. Before each test, I will also make available
copies of the equivalent test and sample answers from a previous year. The expected test schedule is as follows:
Test
#1 Thursday, February 15
Test
#2 Thursday, March 8
Test
#3 Thursday, April 12
Test
dates will be confirmed in class at least one week prior to the dates listed
above. Barring extraordinary
circumstances, no make-up tests will be administered unless prior arrangements
have been made with me.
The final
exam, worth 40% of your course grade, will be held on Tuesday, May 8 from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. The final will be cumulative, though it will
emphasize the material covered after the third in-class test. Like the in-class tests, the final is open
book and open notes. You should also
note that you cannot pass the course without taking all three tests and the
final.
Note: Graduating seniors will take the final exam on Thursday, May 3 from 9 a.m. to 12 noon. No
one other than graduating seniors may take the exam at this time.
¨
Come
to class.
As
you will quickly notice, Logic Primer
is not designed for self-study; it is a very sparse text. It is extremely difficult (I would even go so
far as to say that it is impossible) to learn the material without coming to
class.
¨
Practice,
practice, and more practice!
Learning
logic is a lot like learning a foreign language. It is also a lot like learning math. Courses in logic, like courses in foreign
languages and mathematics, require that you learn certain skills – and in order
to learn any skill, you have to practice.
It is not enough merely to come to class and read the book – you have to
put in time working on your own. Towards
this end, I will be assigning lots of practice problems as homework. You should work hard on the practice
problems, attempting them when they are distributed (and, importantly, before I
distribute solutions). It is one thing
to be able to look at a solution and to understand why it is right. It is quite another thing to be able to
arrive at that solution yourself.
¨
Don’t
get behind.
Another
respect in which logic courses are like courses in mathematics or courses in
foreign languages is that the material is cumulative. It is very important to keep up. If you find yourself having trouble with any
of the material, please come see me as soon as possible. I will be happy to work with you in office
hours or by appointment. Don’t wait
until a couple of days before a test to come ask for help.